What you need to do is change the oil/filter now. UOA it if you worry about damage.
Concerning the filter, if it sludged up, then its possible to sludge up the filter bypass too. Or, the resistance to oil flow caused the pump bypass to stick or hang open.
You should practice frequent ~5k OCIs until can rule out sludge. Sorry, but without an engine inspection, you should seriously consider the 3-5k/3mo routine.
In this situation, UOAs gave you a false sense of security. I also don't know why anyone would want to run an oil until it is completely spent.
Just because an engine has been using synthetic oil, doesn't mean it is clean. Sorry, with your extended OCIs, unknown driving style, questionable engine state of tune, engines life long OCI history, oil consumption, low levels, short trips,.... I would think that the synthetic is the reason why your engine is still running.
I don't see the synthetic oil as an excuse for eternal OCIs, as an excuse to run low on oil, as an excuse to have an engine not in a proper state of tune, or as an excuse for anything. With every issue that was found, OCI should've been adjusted accordingly and immediately.
I also would like to ask, what is the reasoning for your extended oil change intervals?
And, did I mention that you should pull of a valve cover for sludge/crud inspection?
Pablo, thanks for the link. I was pretty much ready to slam a certain product. But, the only thing I find wrong with Amsoil is their blind marketing/advertising. I truly don't see their oil or filter to blame here.