I never bought used or refurbished. Many times I would buy "last" years model or older but new. With 5g "new' I would be careful to make sure I got a fully developed 5g phone.
I have two brand new iPhone 13 from Dec 2021 or Jan 2022(?) but even those got on a deal from Tmobile for Magenta 55+ plan. Two new iPhone 13 were $1,600 But total cost to us was trading in our iPhone XR and iPhone 11 plus $300 or so. Which was a great limited time deal at the time.
Plus the cell service of $70 for two lines, all fees and taxes included PLUS FREE Netflix Basic and whatever else thrown in, everything included, unlimited everything including tethering, data on airplanes, oh heck I dont know as I dont use the stuff anyway, international calling whatever.
It really depends on your budget, 1st choice as others mentioned, choose an older model like an iPhone 12 or I wouldnt hesitate if looking just for price on an official iPhone refurbished from the Apple refurbished store, verify but last I knew Apple replaces the battery in all refurbished phones that they sell on their website and more. However they sell quick and I see as of this morning they only have the more expensive pro and max models right now.
I honestly dont know, nothing against the idea of preowned as long as you are sure of the battery. I do believe it as fact that Apple replaces the batteries in all their refurbished phones, (but verify) I dont know any others that do but I dont know much.
(I don't get the comments on the sanitary aspects of a used phone *LOL*, seems a little "out there" to me)