First off I don't make burgers with all the same ingredient every time. It would get boring. Sometimes most of those ingredients but not all, other times just american cheese and bacon, maybe BBQ sauce, sometimes mushrooms, swiss and onion, and so on.
Anyway, I like the meat juices to get into the bun but more importantly, don't want a dripping burger so whatever is wettest goes next to the buns or cheese on the top bun if present. From a dietary standpoint it also makes sense that your high fat ingredient gets chewed up with the bun to decrease the carb digestion rate.
Onion you need next to the sauce or cheese to anchor it or you'll have bits falling off as you eat it. Same for lettuce if shredded instead of whole leaf. Pickle and onion belong together with mayo but as I vary burger ingredients I sometimes just use dill tarter sauce which has all 3 ingredients in it already.
Tomato is best when you don't have both mayo (or another sauce) AND cheese because it needs to be next to a bare bun to not drip everywhere, unless it's one of those grocery store monstrosities genetically engineered for shelf life above taste which also have less juice to them and might as well not be put on a burger at all.
Biggest mistake I see people make is trying to cram too much on a single burger. Put less on each and eat another one. It's meant to be a hand held food that doesn't create a mess while eaten. If you need a napkin you're doing it wrong.