Pull the fuel pump fuse and try to start the engine a couple of times. It won't damage anything, not the battery, and definitively not the starter. Now, if you sit there and keep the starter running for a good amount of time, it will wear it out, and drain the battery.
That being said, the camshafts in mass produced engines are diecast, so they're porous metal, so there's always some oil on the surface. The bearings hold enough of to start the engine without causing damage after a fresh filter is installed. I have not one, but three vehicles where in half an hour the oil drains back to rhe pan as the filters don't have drain back valves. Every start for them is like the OP's after an oil change. The engines are fine, no issues. IMHO the OP's "problem" is a non-issue.
I'm curious, in what scenario would that happen?