Turbine wheels are nickel-based, but if they have tip rubs, most of the particles go out the exhaust.
Most turbos have floating hydrodynamic bearings that are copper-based.
Some are ball bearing, which would be iron-based.
Compressor wheels are mostly aluminum, as are compressor housings. Tip clearance at the inducer is most often tighter than on the turbine, and would lead to aluminum particles going through the engine cylinders.